This report describes the condition of seabed habitats within the Essex Estuaries Special Area of Conservation based on surveys carried out in 2023. Overall, the site remains in a generally favourable condition. The types and distribution of seabed sediments were much the same as in previous surveys, although there was a slight increase in muddier areas. The communities of species present within these habitats were also broadly in good condition, with all areas rated as having “good” ecological status.
However, some notable changes were observed. Overall, the species composition appears to have shifted since earlier surveys, from polychaete-dominated assemblages toward communities characterised by bivalves and ascidians. The number and spread of non native species has increased, including several species not previously recorded. Marine litter has also increased, both in quantity and spread, and is now found across the whole site. Levels of most chemical contaminants were low, although one metal (chromium) exceeded recommended thresholds at several locations.
In summary, while most of the feature attributes assessed in this report remain in favourable condition overall, there are some signs of change and increasing pressures, particularly from non native species and litter. Continued monitoring and management will be important to ensure the long term health of the estuaries.